If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. Tweet. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. onwards. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. J. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Roman military leaders. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Tools for primary source analysis. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. They had, however, fallen on hard times. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Primary sources are original . aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Historical documents : how to read them. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. A primary source (also called original . Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Website. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. 82 BC. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Pueblo, CO 81001. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. be determined. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste.
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